In a broad sense, research is the gathering of facts and information on a particular topic. The goal of research is to further the body of knowledge. In the fields of medicine and science, research refers to a methodical study undertaken to answer a question, or test a hypothesis, and includes an interpretation of the findings.
Research studies are (hopefully) shared as published articles in scientific journals. Articles can be accessed via individual journals (in print or online), or in databases, which contain mass collections of articles from many different journals.
When you're searching for information, you may need either primary or secondary studies, or both:
Primary source: A text or article recording/reporting original (primary) data. The authors of the text or article are also the authorities who conducted the research.
Example: clinical trial; classic historical text
Secondary source: A textbook or article presenting a new analysis, summary, or overview of previously published data.
Example: literature review, i.e. a comprehensive discussion of original studies on a particular topic addressing questions such as:
- Why is this topic important?
- What are the strengths/weaknesses of the original (primary) studies included in the review?
- How could future original studies be improved to extend the research base?
Another important concept is "peer review" (sometimes referred to as "refereed"):
- An editorial process used by certain journals to evaluate the rigor and suitability of research articles or studies that are submitted for publication.
- A panel of experts (peers) anonymously assesses article submissions, offering suggested revisions before making a final decision to reject or accept them.
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